One goal of integrative thinking is to come up with option C (and maybe D, E, and F), breaking away from the mental trap of considering that you must pick either A or B. In The Opposable Mind
Generative Reasoning
Begin with what does not yet exist.
Much of what we are taught in school is about how to prove or disprove a certain statement. Does this instance fit in this classification or that one? Which of these already discovered sets of rules apply? Instead, visualize a new model and then use traditional thinking tools to work backwards.
“Design thinking” is currently the more popular term used for this approach, although it does encompass other ideas and does not have one definition agreed to by everybody.
Causal Modeling
Deliberately investigate and model sophisticated systems.
Conciously lay out which x causes y and what is the purpose of y. Include feedback loops, as in systems dynamics, to test the effectiveness of the model. Consider building a model around metaphor. Avoid letting your intuition do all the work for you.
Of the three terms this is the one most used elsewhere, though it seems to have some specific academic meanings. I would suggest investigating “systems thinking” as a term for further learning.
Assertive Inquiry
Explore opposing models.
Seek out different views by framing questions in a non-argumentative, non-leading way that fills in understanding and seeks common ground.
You’ll find similar thoughts in books such as Crucial Conversations
Chapter 7 expands on Martin’s views of these tools, including a case study regarding opposing models and a success story about Taddy Blecher, who founded an innovative South African university.
This post is the fourth in a series that covers the major topics of The Opposable Mind
